GEO series
Longitudinal Analysis of Multiple Myeloma: Therapeutic Response and Immune Microenvironment Dynamics in the Context of Tumor Heterogeneity [CITE-Seq]
GSE309593
Homo sapiens
Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing; Other
91 samples
Submitted 2026/07/15
Platform GPL24676
Summary
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by an expansion of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. For newly diagnosed MM (NDMM), standard three-drug treatment regimens—such as the combination of bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (VRd)—and the more recent inclusion of a fourth drug, anti-CD38 antibody immunotherapy, have significantly improved patient outcomes by targeting multiple mechanisms of tumorigenesis. This treatment approach typically involves several cycles of VRd induction therapy, followed by high dose melphalan (HDM) and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT), and maintenance therapy. Treatment responses vary widely, with some patients requiring longer and more intense therapy and others exhibiting more rapid responses and longer relapse-free remission.This cycle of remission, maintenance, and eventual relapse persists despite advancements in treatment modalities, including immunotherapy, leaving MM incurable. This study characterizes the tumor state and immune microenvironment in MM patients across variable graded patient responses. Using a multimodal, longitudinal approach, we investigate immune and microenvironmental cellular changes during treatment in NDMM patients and in a second cohort of RRMM patients. For the NDMM cohort, longitudinal blood and bone marrow aspirate samples were collected at diagnosis, throughout induction therapy, following autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT), and at post-transplant intervals of 60 days, 90 days, and 1 and 2 years. Multi-omic profiling of these samples magnifies the individual heterogeneity between tumor and therapeutic response. The longitudinal aspect of the study allowed us to focus on individual-level longitudinal responses instead of cross-patient effects, enabling detailed insights into tumor and microenvironment dynamics. Using Olink proteomic analysis of plasma and bone marrow interstitial fluid (BMIF), and single-cell analyses (3’ CITE-seq, scRNA-seq, flow cytometry) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) we longitudinally characterized tumor, the immune microenvironment, and therapeutic responses. This revealed distinct immune states and pathways associated with therapeutic response, and tumor survival, highlighting potential targets and therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes.
This dataset
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Direct links to NCBI, no account and no request form: the whole study as GSE309593_RAW.tar, processed values as the series matrix, the supplementary file directory, and per-sample supplementary files for any of the 91 samples. Raw sequencing reads are also available from ENA.
Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1336306. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.
Study design
40 conditions, each sampled once — no replicated groups
Read from the first 40 of 91 sample titles: 40 distinct titles with little repetition. Check it against the sample list below before relying on it.
Samples in this study
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- GSM9269865 BMC02420-002 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269866 BMC02421-002 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269867 BMC02422-002 MM End Induction 1st Draw
- GSM9269868 BMC02423-001 MM Post Transplant 90 Days
- GSM9269869 BMC02424-001 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269870 BMC02425-001 MM End Induction 1st Draw
- GSM9269871 BMC02426-002 MM Post Transplant 90 Days
- GSM9269872 BMC02427-003 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269873 BMC02428-001 MM End Induction 1st Draw
- GSM9269874 BMC02429-001 MM Post Transplant 90 Days
- GSM9269875 BMC02430-003 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269876 BMC02431-002 MM Post Transplant 90 Days
- GSM9269877 BMC02432-002 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269878 BMC02433-002 MM End Induction 1st Draw
- GSM9269879 BMC02434-001 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269880 BMC02435-002 MM Post Transplant 90 Days
- GSM9269881 BMC02436-003 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269882 BMC02437-002 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269883 BMC02438-002 MM End Induction 1st Draw
- GSM9269884 BMC02439-004 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269885 BMC02441-003 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269886 BMC02594-006 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269887 BMC02595-009 MM End Induction 1st Draw
- GSM9269888 BMC02596-008 MM Post Transplant 90 Days
- GSM9269889 BMC02597-003 MM End Induction 1st Draw
- GSM9269890 BMC02599-003 MM Post Transplant 90 Days
- GSM9269891 BMC02600-006 MM End Induction 1st Draw
- GSM9269892 BMC02601-003 MM Post Transplant 90 Days
- GSM9269893 BMC02603-006 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269894 BMC02605-005 MM End Induction 1st Draw
- GSM9269895 BMC02611-009 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269896 BMC02613-010 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269897 BMC02617-002 MM Post Transplant 90 Days
- GSM9269898 BMC02618-008 MM Post Transplant 90 Days
- GSM9269899 BMC02619-003 MM End Induction 1st Draw
- GSM9269900 BMC02620-002 MM Post Transplant 90 Days
- GSM9269901 BMC04431-002 MM Pre-Treatment
- GSM9269902 BMC04434-007 MM Post Transplant 1 year
- GSM9269903 BMC04435-009 MM End Induction 1st Draw
- GSM9269904 BMC04436-007 MM End Induction 1st Draw
+ 51 more — browse all 91 samples with per-sample file links →
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